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Mars
Opposition and Equinox
¤õ¬P½Ä¤Î¬K¤ÀÂI Prior to the Mariner 4 flyby in 1965, all we knew about Mars came from Earth-based telescopic observations. At best, Mars is a challenging object to observe, due to its small size, low contrast, and turbulence in Earth's atmosphere. The best times to see the planet are around its closest approaches to Earth, which occur near "opposition", when the two planets are roughly in a line on one side of the Sun. This occurs about every 26 months, when Mars can appear to grow (in the night sky) to as large as about 20 arc-seconds in size. (20 arc-seconds is about the apparent size of a dime seen from 190 meters, or about the length of two football fields, away; it is about the size of a crater 40 kilometers (25 miles) in diameter on the Moon.) In 2001, Mars is at opposition on June 13-14 and makes its closest approach to Earth on June 21, when it is about 67 million kilometers (~42 million miles) away and subtends 20.8 arc-seconds in the sky. For observers in the northern hemisphere, it can be seen as a bright (magnitude -2) red object, low in the southern sky near the constellation Scorpius, in the evening. Southern hemisphere observers have a better view, as Mars is higher in the sky from that vantage. In homage to the many dedicated professional and amateur observers who have monitored Mars during its closest approaches over the years (see, for example, http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/~rhill/alpo/mars.html we thought it would be fun to simulate the view from Earth using recent images from the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) spacecraft orbiting 400 kilometers (249 miles) above the red planet. The data were acquired by MOC between June 5 and June 7, 2001. The Mars images were synthesized from a set of daily global map observations. Because MGS orbits Mars once every two hours, MGS can see the entire planet in twelve pole-to-pole image swaths. The images shown here were taken by the Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) Wide Angle cameras and digitally wrapped onto a sphere. These cameras are "fisheye" lenses with a focal length of about 11 mm and an f/number of about f/6.5. The lenses image onto linear CCDs (Charge-Coupled Devices) with 3456 7-micron-square pixels. Earth-based telescopes often invert (top becomes bottom and vice versa) what is being viewed; the MOC simulations are presented here with south at the top to match this inversion. Clicking on each of the "Simulate Earth-based views," above, will take you first to a simulation of what the Hubble Space Telescope might see from Earth orbit at this time, and clicking on the Simulated Hubble view will provide the original MGS MOC image mosaic. Not only is Mars at opposition
June 13-14, 2001, and making its closest approach to Earth since 1988 on
June 21st, on June 17-18 Mars will be at equinox, with the southern
hemisphere turning to spring and the northern hemisphere begins autumn.
The diagrams below illustrate the opposition and equinox configurations of
Mars. |
Like Earth, Mars is tilted on its axis and thus experiences a change of seasons as it orbits the Sun. A Martian year is about 687 Earth days long. In this diagram, the Sun is represented by a yellow circle at the center. On June 17-18, 2001, Mars will be at the position shown just right of center, "Equinox: Southern Spring/Northern Fall". |
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Mars opposition occurs appromately once every 26 months when Earth, Mars, and the Sun are all in a line with Earth between Mars and the Sun. In our night sky, Mars is brightest during opposition; in June 2001 it can be found in the vicinity of the constellations Scorpius and Sagittarius. The large yellowish feature in this diagram is the Sun. |
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Mars opposition in 2001 occurs June 13-14. The planet's closest approach to Earth takes place several days later, on June 21st. |
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"Mars"
here on Earth: If you want to know what it might be like
to spend time in the Martian environment, visit the Haughton-Mars
Project, which tested prototype Mars astronaut suits on July
26, 2000 and August 3, 2000. The Haughton impact crater is in the Canadian
high arctic, and has a rocky polar desert setting somewhat like
Mars--though, of course, nothing on Earth comes close to the extreme
conditions on the red planet.
Other places on Earth that can help us understand Mars include:
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Our scheme of 24" interactive telescope ruined?
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The Fujifilm FinePix S2 Pro was announced on January 30th 2002, almost three weeks before Nikon announced the D100 and Canon announced the EOS-D60. The S2 Pro replaces Fujifilm's first price breaking digital SLR the S1 Pro. Just like the S1 Pro the S2 Pro uses an almost-APS-size SuperCCD sensor, however this time the effective pixel count has increased from 3.4 million to 6.2 million. Also vastly improved is the choice of Nikon body on which the camera is based. The S1 Pro was based on the N60 (F60) and came in for some criticism for its features, finish and durability. The S2 Pro is based on Nikon's much improved N80 (F80) body which affords it a much more professional looking and robust body but also adds much need support for AF-S and VR lenses. After processing the S2 Pro outputs a huge 12 megapixel image. If this is too large (and a 4.5 MB per JPEG it may well be) you can select a 6 megapixel output size. Because of the Honeycomb like layout of the SuperCCD this 6 megapixel image is created by first processing the 6 megapixel input pixels to a 12 megapixel image and then downsampling this image to 6 megapixels. Other new features are
summarized below, I've highlighted some of the more important points in
bold type
* With D-type lenses
For details of Fujinon S2 Pro: please browse here |
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Lumicon's
Final
Exposure
Lumicon ³Ì«áÃn¥ú September 30, 2002 | Lumicon, a company whose name was synonymous with quality accessories for observers and astrophotographers for more than a generation, announced that it was closing its doors for good at the end of September. A brief message posted on the company's Web site and recorded on its telephone answering machine cited worsening economic conditions in the wake of the September 11th terror attacks as reasons for the closure. In the late 1970s Lumicon founder Jack Marling began marketing a line of light-pollution filters. The first company ad appeared in the December 1979 issue of Sky & Telescope. Although Lumicon soon expanded its line to include a range of astronomy products from telescopes to books and atlases, its main focus was always filters and deep-sky astrophotography products. In the late 1980s, before the CCD revolution began chipping away at photography's dominance, Lumicon ads were filled with items such as off-axis guiders, reticle eyepieces, and kits for gas-hypersensitizing film. It was also one of the few sources of commercially hypered film. Marling, a skilled astrophotographer in his own right, hired many experienced amateurs to work at Lumicon. Callers often found that they were talking to people who not only knew the company's product line, but who could speak authoritatively on amateur astronomy. After more than two decades of service to the astronomical community, Lumicon will be missed. |